Almost all gamers certainly familiar with both game characters above. Both come from the game HALO and Crysis glow. But this thread is not going to discuss about the game or how to play it. This time we will discuss the same in both these characters, the combat armor or combat clothes they wear.
For those who've never played any of the games above, it must be realized that the main character in the game wearing special combat. For gamers who are researching more on this game, will find that their combat clothing designed sophisticated and is intended to make the wearer become stronger, tougher and more reliable in combat. "Ah, just itukan game, there is no connection with the real world". Is this true??
Lets see ....
Definition
In the real world, clothing is known as Human Powered Exoskeleton (PHE) or Exoframe. Different from human exoskeleton in general, these clothes are not only aims to protect users, but also to improve their ability. For example, in the military, the army using LEU is expected to lift heavier weights, jump higher, and be able to run faster and farther than the regular army. Actually PHE is not only useful in the military field, but also in other fields, such as health and SAR (Search and Rescue).
A Brief History
PHE first appeared in 1868 in the form of a novel entitled "Steam Man of the Prairies" by Edward Sylvester Ellis. PHE is shaped a huge robot who later piloted by humans. However, in the present, robots are no longer categorized as PHE, but more towards Mecha, although the difference is often very thin. PHE in the real world first appeared about 20 years later, in 1890. In that year, the U.S. patent office issued a patent for Nicholas Yagin. Yagin managed to make a tool for walking, running, jumping and using compressed gas as a source of propulsion, although the gas must be loaded manually. In 1917, Leslie C. Kelley created a device he called Pedomotor. This tool is an artificial ligament or ligaments are made using steam as fuel.
PHE shaped full body suit or cover all users are created in the mid 1960s, the result of a collaboration between General Electric Research, Cornell University, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. PHE is later named Hardiman (short for Human Augmentation Research and Development Investigation).
PHE first appeared in 1868 in the form of a novel entitled "Steam Man of the Prairies" by Edward Sylvester Ellis. PHE is shaped a huge robot who later piloted by humans. However, in the present, robots are no longer categorized as PHE, but more towards Mecha, although the difference is often very thin. PHE in the real world first appeared about 20 years later, in 1890. In that year, the U.S. patent office issued a patent for Nicholas Yagin. Yagin managed to make a tool for walking, running, jumping and using compressed gas as a source of propulsion, although the gas must be loaded manually. In 1917, Leslie C. Kelley created a device he called Pedomotor. This tool is an artificial ligament or ligaments are made using steam as fuel.
PHE shaped full body suit or cover all users are created in the mid 1960s, the result of a collaboration between General Electric Research, Cornell University, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. PHE is later named Hardiman (short for Human Augmentation Research and Development Investigation).
In the mid 1980s, Jeffrey Moore of the Los Alamos University wrote a paper about the PHE that can improve the ability of soldiers on the battlefield. Moore himself was inspired from the novel Starship Troopers by Robert Heinlein, and was named PHE Pitman, but never produced. Still inspired by the novel of the same, Monty Reed, a U.S. Ranger who retired with a broken spine, creating Lifesuit in 1986.
In 2000, Professor H. Kazerooni began developing the Human Universal Load Carrier (HULC) along with his team at EksoBionics. Seeing potential in the military, then in 2009 Lockheed Martin made this joint development agreement PHE. EksoBionics itself still continues to produce some other PHE intended for civilian purposes.
In 2001, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) launched a total of 75 million U.S. dollars called exoskeletons for Human Performance Augmentation (EHPA). The program aims to get PHE that can "enhance the ability of ground forces beyond the ability of a human being (increase of the capabilities of ground soldiers beyond that of a human)." During the last 7 years of this program, several military PHE successfully created, although it still has some limitations. These limits generally range from energy sources, constituent materials are often less suitable, response capabilities are fast enough, and the motion sensor is often problematic.
Challenges in DevelopmentThere are several challenges that must be faced in the development of PHE's. Some of these challenges include:Energy SourcesEnergy source for the PHE is one of the classic problems that never resolved. This is because the technology was not sufficient to provide large amounts of energy on a continuous basis, but with a size small enough energy source. PHE is currently generally only survive for a few hours of operation. For PHE civilians continuous use, of course this is not a problem, but in the military it could determine the course of the battle.Some sources of energy that has been tested has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, disposable batteries can store more energy than rechargeable batteries, but if you have to replace the battery at the time of use is certainly not efficient. Meanwhile, for rechargeable batteries, have a tendency to run out faster, shorter lifetime, as well as the availability of recharging is still a problem.Combustion engine (internal combustion engines) is able to provide the amount of power needed, but had a low response time and is not suitable for use in a rapid and abrupt that will be required by the PHE. Other than that this machine has a tendency to be hot, which would require additional tools to cool. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has also been considered to be a source of energy, given the excess that is able to provide power quickly, and easily recharged using methanol. Only, the problem of high temperatures is still a stumbling block, because SOFC requires a minimum temperature of 600o Celsius to operate.Material ComposerPHE constituent material itself is still being developed. This is important as the use of iron or steel, the PHE would be too heavy and reduce efficiency, as it must compensate its own weight. However, using lightweight materials such as aluminum is also not an option. Aluminum has a tendency to shred faster than steel, so the cost of maintenance becomes larger and users also increasing the risk of injury. Materials needed are materials that are strong enough to bear heavy loads, yet light enough to be used by humans. Actually, titanium can be used, but in recent years has developed carbon nanotube technology, which is able to produce a material that is lighter and stronger than titanium and 10 times more resistant to heat.
Generally PHE current use motion sensor based on changes in the condition of the muscles. The sensor is quite simple, but still has some shortcomings. The motion sensor is too sensitive will cause uncontrolled movements. This is because the sensor will detect changes in the condition of the muscles that even unintended by the user, causing PHE react. In the meantime, users will try to prevent the movement quickly, and motion sensors will relay it back to the control computer. As a result, the computer will command the new motion control more quickly, which is not intended by the user. Users will attempt to turn back the movement. This process will be continuous, except PHE turned off by others. However, the less sensitive the sensor is also not an option, because it will slow down the response of the PHE itself.
Recent research and development in the field of BMI (Brain to Machine Interface) or also often called BCI (Brain to Computer Interface) has provided a way that is expected to solve this problem. In this way, the motion sensor based on changes in the condition of the muscle is no longer used. Instead, use a sensor that will detect nerve signals from the user's brain as he tried to move a muscle. This neural signal is detected by a sensor in the PHE, and then forwarded to the control computer. Control computer then translates the nerve signals into motion, and ordered the joints in order to move. Thus, the movements are expected to be reduced unintentional.
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